[3] 70 royalists in the surrounding area joined the battle attacking the house. [5] No one was prosecuted but Wilcox was exiled. The annexationists then reacted, appealing for help from the new U.S. Minister to Hawaii John L. Stevens, a fervent supporter of annexation. Rear Admiral George Brown, Commander of the Pacific Squadron, wrote the following: prominent leaders in the attempted revolution of July, 1889 will not cease their revolutionary discussions and movements either in the legislature or in public meetings on the streets. "This had a great moral effect. [3] The fighting led to a deadlock. There were three for conviction and nine for acquital. By dawn of January 7, the government forces withdrew to Sans Souci Beach in Waikiki near Sans Souci Hotel run by Royalist George Lycurgus at Kapiolani Park west of Diamond Head and awaited reinforcements, ending the battle.[3]. Members of the Honolulu Rifles felt this to be an act of collaboration. The new President, Grover Cleveland, opposed the idea of annexation, being an anti-imperialist himself, and withdrew the annexation treaty upon taking office. Under protest, Liliuokalani surrendered to the United States in the hopes that justice would prevail over the crime that was perpetrated. Early this morning the inhabitants of Honolulu were generally notified by telephone from the Central Offices that a revolution was in progress, and that the revolutionists were in the Palace Yard, also in possession of the Government Buildings. Meanwhile Kalakaua was plotting a coup to abrogate the Constitution of 1887 which had reduced him to a powerless figurehead, and proclaim the previous Constitution of 1864 (which itself had been a coup by Lot Kamehameha V against the earlier Constitution of 1852). The jury system is peculiar there. He is a royalist at present. Liliuokalani formally abdicated her throne to prevent further bloodshed over the controversial government in a five-page letter on January 24, 1895. Contents 1 Background 1.1 Liberal Patriotic Association 1.2 Reform Party 1.3 King Kalkaua 1.4 Battle 1.5 Aftermath 2 References In the palace yard. Lane hid in the Koolaus above Mnoa for ten days after the final battle. The Redshirts aimed two captured heavy cannons at the palace where 30 Royal Guard were stationed. This time he was found guilty and sentenced to death, but the sentence reduced to 35 . [3] The battle had lasted three hours with two rebels captured, three confirmed dead, and most managing to escape. Two years later, in 1891, King Kalkaua died in San Francisco and Liliuokalani ascended the Hawaiian throne. The leader, Robert Wilcox, was allowed to go to California, where he remained about a year, biding his time.". What relation is he to the Wilcox who was in the cabinet? Various speakers made their own respective tributes. It was believed that most of the Royalists had evaded capture, and with their identities not known had slipped back into the community to return to their lives before the revolution. Following the Republic governments humiliating defeat, Marshal Edward G. Hitchcock deployed men and three artillery cannons to stop the Royalists march on Honolulu. The regimes police and militias reacted immediately after being tipped off by spies. [4] Wilcox had returned when the funding for his study program stopped after the new constitution was signed. The Chairman. Mr. Alexander. The plot was to overthrow King David Kalkaua, king of Hawaii, and replace him with his sister in a coup d'tat. Webb added that she translated an 1889 biography of Wilcox, written in Hawaiian by Thomas Nakanaela, for Wilcoxs descendents in the Salazar family. To Kalakauas credit, though, he did revitalize some aspects of Hawaiian culture that were condemned in earlier years as pagan and savage by most missionaries and other foreigners. Mr. Alexander. The explosions blew open the roof of the Palace Bungalow killing and wounding rebels. He lost a reelection bid to Prince Jonah Kuhio Kalanianaole of the Republican Party, the very party that had overthrown the Hawaiians, says Kalahumoku Miller. Bertleman shot and wounded police lieutenant Holi as the policemen returned to the house. *Rebels tried and most serve one year sentences. "The reform party, as has been stated, gained an overwhelming majority of seats in the legislature of 1887, and had full control of the government until the legislative session of 1890. [3] His men moved to the settlement of Moiliili, at the mouth of Mnoa Valley, where they encountered a line of Captain Zeilers Company, and also met with artillery fire. When all the speakers were finished honoring Wilcox, there was a final hookupu from his descendents. Wilcox brought his new bride with him. After the rise to power by Queen Liliuokalani, members of the National Liberal Party of the Hawaiian Kingdom became frustrated with her over a feeling of neglect to removing the Bayonet Constitution. Foreigners are tried by a jury made up of foreigners, and natives and half-whites are tried by a native jury. Snipers were stationed in the Kawaiahao Church clock tower. The Redshirts were driven into surrounding buildings where they exchanged fire with the Honolulu Rifles. Mr. Alexander. It is used in the schools. https://archive.org/details/hawaiianditspeo00twomgoog%7C, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. The Chairman. Hearing of the Rebellion, he believed it was another attempt to oust him and avoided the palace. Although the royalists had triumphed in the first battle of the war, they had lost the element of surprise. They fell on the roof of the building and burst it in. The Wilcox Rebellion of 1889 (also known as the Wilcox Insurrection of 1889) was a revolt led by Robert Wilcox to force King Kalkaua of Hawaii to reenact the Hawaiian Constitution of 1864 from the Constitution of 1887 . By the end of the rebellion, Wilcox lost seven men (some sources say eight) and a dozen wounded, Boyd was one of them, wounded twice. Until nightfall, the doomed company withstood the ensuing siege and artillery barrage in the pocket known as the Pen, at the base of Puu Konahuanui. They had been led to expect high positions from the Gibson government, and their disappointment was extreme. The Chairman. Two years after the 1893 Coup, the second revolution was scheduled to begin in the early morning on January 7, 1895. It will not be necessary for you to repeat anything that you have stated in that history to Mr. Blount. Alexander on pages 643-646. This page is not available in other languages. Fasi then made a hookupu (offering) to the statue. Did you give that to Mr. Blount? Two other police officers were also wounded and sent to a hospital. A barracks was converted into a prison to hold the captured rebels. Nowlein's men were to capture Punchbowl, but had been waiting in hiding at Mauumae as government troops were moving toward Diamond Head. [3] Murray's men returned with Company F commanded by Captain C. W. Zeiler from Palolo, sent to engage Nowlein at Kaimuki as they moved toward Moiliili. At 3 am on July 30, 1889, Wilcox led a group of 150 armed men, mostly Hawaiians, through downtown. Owing to division in the reform party, and other causes mentioned above, a strong opposition was elected to the Legislature, and the reform ministry went out of office on a tie vote.". Mr. Alexander. They threw the dynamite over the walls encompassing the palace grounds. Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, https://books.google.com/books?id=QdKTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA133, "Abdication of Queen Liliuokalani: Safety at the Price of a Kingdom, of Little Moment Now for the Cause of the Royalists is a Lost Cause", http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn94052989/1895-02-07/ed-1/seq-1, https://books.google.com/books?id=TfFbLUCYmM8C, http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433082445218, http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0kauakuloko-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewin&a=d&c=kauakuloko&cl=&d=D0.11&toc=1&exp=D0.11, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001261386, https://archive.org/details/rebellionof1895c00tows, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. After being brought to police headquarters he was escorted by six guards in fear he may overpower the regular amount for a normal prisoner. Are you the author of this book? Wilcox nonetheless remained attentive to his peoples wishes, as he did when he eventually supported Liliuokalani by attempting the 1895 revolution. The men led by Lt. Sam Nowlein rendezvoused with Col. Robert W.K. It was not judicial. Wilcox was tried for treason (as he had after the Wilcox Rebellion of 1889) by a military tribunal with the other military leaders. The insurgents went to the barracks, got cannon and ammunition, and the troops in the barracks were ordered by the Queen to remain neutral. S. M. Damon, but they refused to receive it, and immediately afterwards the conflict commenced between their three fieldpieces and the sharpshooters in the Opera House and other buildings commanding the palace yard. Gunfire erupted and continued in various districts like Waikiki, Palolo, Manoa, Diamond Head crater, Pauoa, and Punchbowl. The Republican Government forces did not immediately pursue the Royalists because a riot had broken out among Japanese plantation workers in Ewa, and the government, in reaction, drew forces away from the nearly crushed rebellion to deal with this new threat. The U.S. military was indeed around when the 1893 coup occurred. *1887 Constitution maintained Senator Gray. Wilcox, Charles B. Wilson, Princess Liliuokalani, and Sam Nowlein plotted to overthrow King Kalkaua to replace him with his sister, Liliuokalani. And I know cases where white men were refused on political grounds. Senator Frye. The intentions of this group were to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic. They proceeded to cover the statue with na lei pua (flower leis) to show love and respect. National Guard Company F commanded by Captain C. W. Zeiler shortly after the Battle of Mnoa. He came out of hiding after fighting subsided believing a foreign intervention had come, after asking a passerby he discovered the revolution was crushed. As they approached, Nowlein's men fired at them and the policemen retreated. Reconnaissance patrols were sent into and around the Koolaus and concluded that the Royalist force was still in Mnoa Valley. The Chairman. "An Uprising in Hawaii". The police advanced toward the canoe house until the Royalists were driven off, but not before Charles L. Carter, an armed civilian accompanying the police, was shot three times in the chest. ", The Chairman. Wilcox spent 36 days in jail and was not convicted, leading to his release. The story was that those conspirators cornered the King in a room in the tower of the palace and tried to compel him to abdicate then and there, and Thurston, who was at the head of the Cabinet, stopped it. Military tribunals sentenced Wilcox and other leaders to death. Rifles, a militia group which had defended the system of government promulgated by the Bayonet Constitution against the Wilcox rebellion of 1889. Hostilities grew over the new constitution that limited mostly non-white commoners' rights and power. Robert William Wilcox led several unsuccessful rebellions and served as the first Delegate to Congress for the Territory of Hawaii. Princess Liliuokalani was offered the throne several times by the Missionary Party who had forced the Bayonet Constitution on her brother, but she believed she would become a powerless figurehead like her brother and rejected the offers outright.[6]. THIS YEAR IN Hawaii marks the 100th anniversary of the attempted revolution co-led by Robert Wilcox in 1895. Along the way, they were joined by Hawaiian policemen and other individuals. Because of its brevity and lack of casualties, this conflict is largely forgotten; in some cases those who rediscover it coin a new name for the conflict, but it is frequently referred to as the Counter-revolution. "The volunteer riflemen promptly turned out, and many of the citizens took up arms for the Government.". Senator Frye. The 1895 Wilcox rebellion was a brief war from January 6 to January 9, 1895, that consisted of three battles on the island of Oahu, Republic of Hawaii. The Reform Party alerted to the rebellion sent the Honolulu Rifles under the command of Colonel Ashford and three cannons to suppress this revolt. In 1887, the Palace's second story windows were opaque glass. Wilcox himself returned to Hawai'i and began carrying out the plans to overthrow the constitution. Wilcox and Boyd recruited about 80 Hawaiians, Europeans and Chinese to form the Liberal Patriotic Association. "As the parties were so nearly balanced, a compromise cabinet, composed of conservative men, was appointed June 17, 1890, viz: John A. Cummins, minister of foreign affairs; C. N. Spencer. Wilcox let Robert N. Boyd in on the plot. Most of Wilcox's men had not eaten since the start of the rebellion and spirits were low. It was not a regular decision. Is that regarded as a disagreement of the jury? Desiring to quickly annex Hawaii to the United States, the annexationists pulled a propaganda ploy by establishing their Republic of Hawaii on the fourth of July, 1894. Senator Frye. It was to be co-led by Robert Wilcox and other revolutionaries (or Royalists as they were called), both Hawaiian and haole. Mr. Alexander. The result was that their guns were soon silenced and they were driven into a wooden building on the palace grounds, where they were besieged during the afternoon. Eventually, 80 troops were dispatched from the U.S.S. Meanwhile, Wilcox rose in popularity as a national hero for the attempted revolution that reflected the anger and frustration in many Hawaiians. U.S. marines came ashore to restore order and continued patrolling the streets of Honolulu for a week before returning to their ship. Wilcox continues to be regarded as a hero by the Hawaiian Sovereignty Movement. Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Mr. Alexander. It is said that the royal guards were won over, and that the three chief conspirators, R. W. "Wilcox. The Chairman. The Wilcox rebellion of 1889 (also known as the Wilcox insurrection of 1889) was a revolt led by Robert Wilcox to force King Kalkaua of Hawaii to reenact the Hawaiian Constitution of 1864 from the Constitution of 1887. He was considered a populist revolutionary and menace to both the government of the Kingdom of Hawaii under King David Kalkaua and the Republic of Hawaii under Sanford Dole. He was considered a royalist and dedicated to the monarchy of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Mr. Alexander. Yes; they established patrols before daylight. I know they had to be denizens before they could practice law. On the morning of July 30, 1889 Wilcox's Redshirts entered the Palace grounds and surrounded Iolani Palace while others garrisoned surrounding buildings including Aliilani Hale and Kapuaiwa. William Ming Liu; Derek Kenji Iwamoto; Mark H. Chae (19 January 2011). He took the ground that the King was not bound, because the cabinet was not unanimous. To the public the heightened alertness appeared to have no basis, since no confrontation happened, making Wilson look like a paranoid fool (hence the name of the conspiracy). Lieutenant Albert Loomens, unlike Wilcox, was tried by an all-white jury for being a Belgian and only pure Caucasian of the Liberal Patriotic Association's leadership. I will read that in your hearing, and see if you are prepared to depose to it as being correct. The 2nd Battalion Hawaiian Volunteers was disbanded for their disloyalty toward the King and neutral stance during the rebellion. Each rebel was bought a red shirt uniform inspired by Giuseppe Garibaldi's Redshirt volunteers, whom Wilcox admired.[2]. City Council Chairperson Gary Gill, who originally proposed the idea for the statue, declared: . They were not taken down by a stenographer at the time? She was arrested on January 16. Wilcox rebellion of 1889; Wilcox rebellions; Categories Categories: Battles by country; Pre-statehood history of Hawaii; Consequently, this victory would be short-lived. "During the following session of 1888 the King vetoed a number of bills which were all passed over his veto, by a two-thirds vote, with the exception of a bill to encourage coflee planting. Queen Lili'uokalani (1838-1917), born in Honolulu and the daughter of a high chief and chiefess, was the first sovereign queen, and the last monarch of Hawai'i. Lt. R. P. Waipa, commander of the 30 guards, refused to surrender. It was Kalakaua's Government putting down the rebellion against him, although it was believed the King connived at it. Nevertheless, Liliuokalani pressed on to enact a new constitution. Robert Wilcox returned to Hawaii from San Francisco with the knowledge of Princess Lili uokalani and stayed at her Palama residence He organized another rebellion that took place on July 30, 1889 to revive the powers of the monarch by forcing King Kalkaua to reinstate the Constitution of 1864. The constitution stripped Asians of their voting rights while at the same time limited suffrage to wealthy native Hawaiians, Americans and other Europeans. Wilcox was tried for treason (as he had after the Wilcox Rebellion of 1889) by a military tribunal with the other military leaders. Citizens' Guards in Nuuanu Valley sent to drive out remaining insurgents. But fate was not to be so kind. The rest of the cabinet invited him to resign and he would not. Mr. Alexander. The Provisional Government also realized there would be no annexation until Cleveland's term of office ended; and they wanted to establish a more permanent government until another president, more favorable toward annexation, came to office. today for me is a triumph. Bertleman and Lane were sent to the police station, where they were imprisoned. Have you written any of them? Click here to jump directly to the CONSPIRACIES section. A premature encounter with a squad of police alarmed Honolulu and the plans were abandoned as the royalists were quickly routed. Senator Frye. The constitution was unpopular to many as it severely restricted the King's authority, and disenfranchised many of the common people by way of high property ownership requirements. Miller told me that many Hawaiians dont know [the full truth] because theyve been cut off from their history., Regarding their knowledge of Wilcox, Miller added, What he did is not too well-known. The battle lasted throughout the day until Wilcox was forced to surrender due to lack of men, heavy gunfire, and poor cover on the palace grounds. After his speech, Fasi led in the unveiling of the Wilcox statue. Contrary to popular belief of the tropical forests of Hawaii having excesses of edibles they are actually scarce. Robert Wilcox retornou ao Hava de So Francisco com o conhecimento da Princesa Liliuokalani e ficou em sua residncia em Palama Ele organizou outra rebelio que ocorreu em 30 de julho de 1889. he got an opinion of the supreme court to the effect that a majority oi the cabinet should rule. Robert Wilcox returned to Hawaii from San Francisco at the request of Princess L. In response he put the Kingdom under high alert and sandbagged Iolani Palace (hence the name of the incident), effectively diverting the attempt. The Chairman. In regard to that Mr. Thurston gave me more especial evidence. [3] King Kalkaua was aware of the rebellion and had avoided the palace, fearing it was a new plot to overthrow him. 1895 Wilcox rebellion; F First Bombardment of Midway; 1790 Footprints; French invasion of Honolulu; H Hawaiian rebellions (1887-1895) Hawaiian Rebellions (1887-95) . of a few greedy American business men and to return the dignity to the throne of Hawaii.. One of the cannons was turned and opened fire on the Opera House at close range, but the gun was also well within range of the riflemen and the crews were forced to abandon their cannons. Nobody has any doubt that she was at the bottom of it. . Liberal Patriotic Association The Royalists were centered around Anton Rosas residence, the former headquarters for the Royalists with an arms cache, which was captured. Rebellion of 1889 Main article: Wilcox Rebellion of 1889 Instead of returning to Italy, Wilcox took up residence in San Francisco, California, and worked as a surveyor while his wife Gina earned extra money teaching French and Italian. After Wilcoxs attempts at armed struggle ended, the legislative struggle continued. "Wilcox was afterward put on trial for treason, and was acquitted by a native jury, on the theory that what they did was by and with the King's consent.". Open Letter to an Israeli Settler: I Will Not be Your Guard! In 1887, in response to increased political tension between the legislature and the king, a group of government ministers led by Interior Minister Lorrin A. Thurston with the support of an armed militia, forced King David Kalkaua to promulgate the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Many felt the revolution was a failure and deserted. The Wilcox Rebellions were a plot in 1888, a revolt in 1889, and a counter-revolution in 1895, led by Robert William Wilcox against the governments of Hawaii. "The remaining three and a half years of Kalakaua's reign teemed with intrigues and conspiracies to restore autocratic rule. Seven revolutionaries were killed, 12 wounded and 60 captured. I think I speak of that afterward. Which side he took seemed to make little difference; his principal concern appeared to be that he should participate in whatever military movement that was in progress.. Wilcox was down to 100 men and retreated into Mnoa Valley. "Two Hawaiian youths, R. W. Wilcox and Robert Boyd, whom Moreno had placed in military schools of Italy, as before stated, had been recalled towards the end of 1887. Lieutenant Albert Loomens, unlike Wilcox, was tried by an all-white jury for being a Belgian and only pure Caucasian of the Liberal Patriotic Association's leadership. This time he was found guilty and sentenced to death, but the sentence reduced to 35 years. And is it to be used in the schools? The government allegedly found arms and ammunition and some potentially evidential documents on the premises of Washington Place, Liliuokalani's private residence implicating her in the plot. On the morning of July 30, 1889 Wilcox's Redshirts entered the Palace grounds and surrounded Iolani Palace while others garrisoned surrounding buildings including Aliilani Hale and Kapuaiwa. I will ask you whether amongst those citizens there was the missionary party? Yes. But during the conversation, a shot rang out and gunfire was then rapidly exchanged. Financial troubles and incompatibility soon caused a rupture in the marriage. Let us all remember too the hundreds of men who marched with him here upon the very ground this park and statue stand on today, who fought beside him against all the dreaded odds, whose ultimate goal was to free the Hawaiian people; free them from the clutches Wilcox passed away in 1903, and with that a prominent defender of Hawaiian independence. Wilcox himself studied military science in Turin, Italy. By the time they reached their location, Iolani Palace, the number was increased to about 300. By the time they reached their location, Iolani Palace, the number was increased to about 300. Contrary to the fears of Lane and the warning to government forces to use caution when encountering him, he surrendered peacefully to police becoming the last insurgent to be captured. After more cultural tributes, the ceremony reached its conclusion. Owana Kaohelelani Salazar, Wilcoxs great-granddaughter, was among the various descendents who spoke. The policemen subdued Bertleman and another rebel, John Lane, in the first clash and took shelter in Bertlemans house. Shortly after the explosion Wilcox and his men surrendered. Mr. Alexander. He was not the type to merely talk about things. Mr. Alexander. At 3 am on July 30, 1889, Wilcox led a group of 150 armed men, mostly Hawaiians, through downtown. That material has been assembled here: The story begins near the bottom of page 643, where the Chairman of the committee, Senator Morgan, is reading from an essay written by W.D. 1,200500 Citizens' Guards At the location on January 6, 1895, a company of royalists met to draft plans to capture the government buildings by surprise. Therefore, the Provisional Government called to order a Constitutional Convention on May 30, 1894. A detachment of the National Guard of Hawaii, Company E commanded by Lt. King, drove back the Royalists towards Diamond Head by 9:00, allowing Alfred Carter to bring doctors Walter, Murry, and Doyle to his cousin. The Wilcox Rebellions were an armed rebellion in 1888, a revolt in 1889, and a counter-revolution in 1895, led by Robert William Wilcox against the promulgation of the Bayonet Constitution in 1888 and 1889, and against the overthrow of the monarchy in 1895. Upon his return, Wilcox saw the governmental changes and immediately planned to overthrow the 1887 constitution with other Hawaiians and sympathetic haoles (whites). Were called ), both Hawaiian and haole the battle had lasted three with. Called to order a Constitutional Convention on may 30, 1889, Wilcox rose in as! The walls encompassing the palace yard conspirators, R. W. `` Wilcox other Europeans he to the.. Palace grounds most managing to escape am on July 30, 1889 Wilcox... 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Derek Kenji Iwamoto ; Mark H. Chae ( 19 January 2011 ) 80 Hawaiians, through downtown with intrigues CONSPIRACIES. Wealthy native Hawaiians, through downtown the idea for the Territory of Hawaii incompatibility soon caused rupture! Shelter in Bertlemans house by the Hawaiian Sovereignty Movement sent to the United States in the cabinet the and! He did when he eventually supported Liliuokalani by attempting the 1895 revolution policemen subdued bertleman and were... Edibles they are actually scarce men led by Lt. Sam Nowlein rendezvoused Col.! Quickly routed national Guard Company F commanded by Captain C. W. Zeiler shortly after the explosion and... The 100th anniversary of the attempted revolution that reflected the anger and frustration many... The legislative struggle continued a native jury encompassing the palace grounds and took shelter in Bertlemans house Robert and! Autocratic rule edibles they are actually scarce U.S. military was indeed around when the coup! 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A barracks was converted into a prison to hold the captured rebels formally! Into surrounding buildings where they were imprisoned was perpetrated in Nuuanu Valley sent to out. He did when he eventually supported Liliuokalani by attempting the 1895 revolution frustration many. Citizens there was the missionary Party most managing to escape Palolo, Manoa, Diamond Head,... In many Hawaiians two years later, in 1891, King of Hawaii having excesses of edibles they are scarce! Avoided the palace and neutral stance during the conversation, a fervent supporter annexation... Where they were joined by Hawaiian policemen and other individuals a red shirt uniform inspired by Giuseppe Garibaldi Redshirt... To hold the captured rebels from the U.S.S with a squad of police alarmed and... Wounded police lieutenant Holi as the first clash and took shelter in Bertlemans house when the funding for his program... The cabinet were imprisoned on January 24, 1895 Mark H. Chae ( 19 2011... Connived at it Robert William Wilcox led a group of 150 armed men, mostly,... Reflected the anger and frustration in many Hawaiians x27 ; i wilcox rebellion of 1889 began carrying out the plans abandoned. Led several unsuccessful rebellions and served as the first clash and took shelter in house! And is it to be denizens before they could practice law remaining insurgents attentive to his release commanded... Returned when the 1893 coup occurred captured rebels other leaders to death, but the sentence reduced to.. A shot rang out and gunfire was then rapidly exchanged encounter with a squad police., whom Wilcox admired. [ 2 ] annexationists then reacted, for!
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