Stream thousands of hours of acclaimed series, probing documentaries and captivating specials commercial-free in HISTORY Vault. Encyclopedia of World Biography. Kansas Governor Alfred M. Landon (1887-1987) was the Republican nominee opposing Franklin D. Roosevelt in the U.S. presidential election of 1936. . ", Kennedy, Patrick D. "Chicago's Irish Americans and the Candidacies of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1932-1944. However, Long was assassinated in September 1935. [4] The party machinery, however, almost uniformly backed Landon, a wealthy businessman and centrist, who won primaries in Massachusetts and New Jersey and dominated in the caucuses and at state party conventions. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. The election saw the consolidation of the New Deal coalition; while the Democrats lost some of their traditional allies in big business, high income voters, businessmen and professionals, they were replaced by groups such as organized labor and African Americans, the latter of whom voted Democratic for the first time since the Civil War,[citation needed] and made major gains among the poor and other minorities. . Running against popular New Deal policies, Landon lost to Roosevelt by the largest electoral vote margin of any candidate since 1820. Alf Landon and other conservative leaders opposed the New Deal because they believed it increased taxes too much, that it prevented states from regulating affairs, that it interfered with business, and that it gave Roosevelt too much power. Landon respected and admired FDR and accepted much of the New Deal but objected that it was hostile to business and involved too much waste. Instead of condemning them completely, he favored eliminating the waste and inefficiency in specific programs. He was not a man to deal in fundamentals. For the results of the subsequent election, see United States presidential election of 1940. But there was another logic to this that Francis Perkins wrote about, Bland says. ", Harrell, James A. It got a lot of criticism from conservatives in Congress that it was just wasting money. Alfred received preparatory education at Marrietta Academy in Ohio. Alf Landon received only 36%. Lemke, who lacked the charisma and national stature of the other potential candidates, fared poorly in the election, barely managing two percent of the vote, and the party was dissolved the following year. The Gallup Poll would become a staple of future presidential elections, and remains one of the most prominent election polling organizations. Roosevelt's net vote totals in the twelve largest cities increased from 1,791,000 votes in the 1932 election to 3,479,000 votes which was the highest for any presidential candidate from 1920 to 1948. The powers of Congress have been usurped by the President. Though he declined to officially contest any of the 1936 presidential primaries, Landon had his name entered in the Massachusetts and New Jersey contests, both of which he won. The Republican Party saw its total in the United States House of Representatives reduced to 88 seats and in the United States Senate to 16 seats in their respective elections and only won four governorships in the 1936 elections. Like most other New Dealers, they viewed the collapse of prices as the cause of the depression, and therefore they regarded various means of raising prices, especially cartelization and other measures to restrict market supply, as appropriate in the circumstances. One more sample of the injustice of this law is this: Some workers who come under this new Federal insurance plan are taxed more and get less than workers who come under the State laws already in force. In his first inaugural speech, Roosevelt declared, we must move as a trained and loyal army willing to sacrifice for the good of a common discipline. He warned that should Congress fail to act to his satisfaction, he would seek broad executive power to wage a war against the emergency as great as the power that would be given me if we were in fact invaded by a foreign foe. However stirring the rhetoric, this approach to dealing with the depression rested on a complete misapprehension. Keith Ian Polakoff Picture 1 of 3 . Of these states, only Indiana would vote Democratic again after 1964 (for Barack Obama in 2008), making this the penultimate time a Democrat won any of the Great Plains states. When you start of program of social revolution youre going to draw a lot of opposition. In the 1960s he supported Lyndon B. Johnson's Medicare program and other of Johnson's Great Society initiatives. "The 1936-1944 Campaigns," in William D. Pederson, ed. JK: FDR tried to pack the Supreme Court in order to push through his legislation. The comparison with former president Calvin Coolidge rankled Landon; rather than a rigidly pro-business conservative, he saw himself as a sensible, fiscally prudent liberal. Al Smith Former Governor of New York. Many U.S. states also had workers compensation laws and old-age assistance programs for people who met certain qualifications. At his father's urging, Landon attended the law school of the University of Kansas. Before his assassination, there was a challenge from Louisiana Senator Huey Long. With the backing of party leaders, Landon defeated progressive Senator William Borah at the 1936 Republican National Convention to win his party's presidential nomination. An awkward, halting public speaker, Landon found it hard to compete with Roosevelt as a campaigner. "Effective January 1937, we are compelled by a Roosevelt New Deal law to make a 1 percent deduction from your wages and turn it over to the government. Rather than pursue a legal career, Landon took a job as a bookkeeper at an Independence bank after graduation. Put it all together and you have what political scientists call the New Deal Coalitiona potent political force that remained intact until the 1970s. Polls made during 1934 and 1935 suggested Long could have won between six[6] and seven million[7] votes, or approximately fifteen percent of the actual number cast in the 1936 election. ", Spencer, Thomas T. "'Labor is with Roosevelt:' The Pennsylvania Labor Non-Partisan League and the Election of 1936.". There is a further important point in connection with the compulsory saving provided by the plan of the present administration. Despite being Roosevelt's home state, in the context of the 1936 nationwide Democratic landslide, New York weighed in for this election as 4% more Republican than the national average, although FDR won the state by nearly 20 points. Still, he was willing to break with the Republicans at times, such as when he supported William Allen White's 1924 independent candidacy for the Kansas governorship in protest against the Ku Klux Klan-backed major party nominees. That was seven years into the future at a time where a lot of people, including older people, were living in extreme poverty, says Daniel Bland, a political science professor at McGill University and author of Social Security: History and Politics from the New Deal to the Privatization Debate. Running against popular New Deal policies, Landon lost to Roosevelt by the largest electoral vote margin of any candidate since 1820. Ruminating on how to deal with the depression, they seized on an analogy: the war was a national emergency, and we dealt with it by creating government agencies to control and mobilize the private economy; the depression is a national emergency, and therefore we can deal with it by creating similar agencies. Few members of the party had the stature or voter appeal to seriously contest the popular president, and Landon's folksy image and common-sense political stands made him an early favorite for the nomination. The U.S. Congress enacted the Social Security Act, originally called the Economic Security Bill, in August of 1935. But lets not forget what we did that works. The irony is that even if Roosevelt did help to lift the spirits of the American people in the depths of the depressionan uplift for which no compelling documentation existsthis achievement only led the public to labor under an illusion. ", Fadely, James Philip. He was identified with the liberal, reform-minded wing of the party, but worked for harmony with the conservative Old Guard faction as well. Encyclopedia of World Biography. Harrisburg, Pa.: The Telegraph Press", "Why the 1936 Literary Digest Poll Failed", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt Madison Square Garden Speech (1936)", "#ElectionTwitter Map of which Party/Presidential Candidate got the highest% of the vote ever in each state, from 1868-2016. Franklin Roosevelt captured over 60% of the popular vote. Even so, Social Security didnt gain widespread popularity until the 1950s, Bland says, when more people began seeing benefits from Social Security payments. It depended a lot on what the goal was, it depended on how they were designed, and how hastily they were designed. The people who drew this law understand nothing of government finance. For Democrats and Republicans alike, Franklin Delano Roosevelt looms as the most significant political figure of the twentieth century. JK: We talk about the New Deal, but its really separate legislation. By subsidizing, financing, insuring, regulating, and thereby diverting resources from the uses most valued by consumers, each renders the economy less productive than it could beand all in the service of one special interest or another. We dedicate ourselves to the preservation of their political liberty, their individual opportunity and their character as free citizens, which today for the first time are threatened by Government itself. That is the history of all such taxes. Once the New Deal had burst the dam between 1933 and 1938, ample precedent had been set for virtually any government program that could gain sufficient . Landon, a Republican, challenged President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in the 1936. The next year, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld Social Security as constitutional in Steward Machine Co. v. Davis and Helvering v. Davis. But were going to constantly be trying. Landon was a liberal Republican who had earned a considerable fortune in the oil well business and apparently admired aspects of the New Deal and agreed with the Democrats on other policy issues from the 1930s onward. Publisher Frank Knox from Illinois(withdrew; endorsed Landon), Former President Herbert Hoover from California(did not actively run), Former Vice President Charles G. Dawes from Illinois(declined to run), Senator Charles L. McNary from Oregon(declined to run). $12.03 + $3.95 shipping. "Mass dynamics of US presidential competitions, 19281936. With its bewildering, incoherent mass of new expenditures, taxes, subsidies, regulations, and direct government participation in productive activities, the New Deal created so much confusion, fear, uncertainty, and hostility among businessmen and investors that private investment, and hence overall private economic activity, never recovered enough to restore the high levels of production and employment enjoyed in the 1920s. [10] At times, he even expressed the wish to retire: "I have less ambition to hold office than I ever had." Overall, Roosevelt received 93% of the primary vote, compared to 2.5% for Breckinridge.[3]. Roosevelt carried every state except Maine and Vermont, which together cast eight electoral votes. Landon and his father shared an interest in politics. This was the last Democratic landslide in the West, as Democrats won every state except Kansas (Landon's home state) by more than 10%. Its the sort of thing we see thats still familiar today. Roll after roll of neatly executed I O Us. Under the leadership of Secretary of Labor Perkins, the committee developed the idea for a contributory old-age pension plan. The radio priest began expressing reactionary views that were increasingly anti-New Deal and containing anti-Semitic (and anticommunist) rhetoric. Thus, options B, C, D, and E are correct. But for all his undeniable political prowess, he prolonged the depression and fastened on the country a bloated, intrusive government that has been trampling on the peoples liberties ever since. Coming into power at a time of widespread destitution, high unemployment, and business failures, the Roosevelt administration recognized that the president and his Democratic allies in Congress could appropriate unprecedented sums of money and channel them into the hands of recipients who would respond by giving political support to their benefactors. That worked well in many ways. As the race entered its final months, his message grew more strident. During the Great Depression, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt passed a series of economic recovery measures known collectively as the New Deal. It was a long-term investment. Among his early supporters was powerful newspaper mogul William Randolph Hearst, whose publications hailed Landon as the "Horse and Buggy Governor" and the "Kansas Coolidge.". Huey Long. To a free people these actions are insufferable. The delegates unanimously ratified Landons choice of running mate, Frank Knox, publisher of the Chicago Daily News and a critic of the New Deal (in a surprise, Knox would go on to be appointed in 1940 by Roosevelt as secretary of the U.S. Navy). We know now that Government by organized money is just as dangerous as Government by organized mob. In Baltimore, he declared that "business as we know it is to disappear" if Roosevelt won re-election. Critics saw Roosevelt's judicial reform bill as an attempt to gain influence on the Supreme Court. At Roosevelt's request, the two-thirds rule, which had given the South a de facto veto power, was repealed. The leadership will fall to Senators William E. Borah and Gerald P. Nye caught as they were confering together at the Capitol today, 5/6/1937", "Huey Long as Hero and as Demagogue; My First Days in the White House. gaoruosong 2 yr. ago. Roosevelt's 523 electoral votes marked the first of only three times in American history when a presidential candidate received over 500 electoral votes in a presidential election and made Roosevelt the only Democratic president to accomplish this feat. One of the most generous proposals came from California physician Francis Townsend, whose 1933 Townsend Plan called for the U.S. government to provide every person 60 years and older with $200 a month. You have these great ambitions, but thats really going to cost a fortune, so lets do a little bit less. While this proved true in the long run, it provided no help to people who needed immediate assistance in 1935. But its not. Homeowners supported the New Deal out of gratitude for the governments refinancing of their mortgages and its provision of home-loan guarantees. Despite its economic illogic and incoherence, the New Deal served as a massive vote-buying scheme. However, the New Deal policies he had already enacted, such as Social Security and unemployment benefits, had proven to be highly popular with most Americans. Hence arose a succession of government organizations modeled on wartime precedents. However, the date of retrieval is often important. With few exceptions, historians have taken a positive view of the New Deal. They were overturning New Deal programs left and right, and then they were overturning state programs that were progressive, including the minimum wage, which probably was the ruling that really turned the public against them. [8][9] When questioned by the press, Long gave conflicting answers on his plans for 1936. While promising to support a progressive Republican like Sen. William Borah, Long claimed that he would only support a Share Our Wealth candidate. JK: Are there any other parallels that I might have missed? There is every probability that the cash [workers] pay in will be used for current deficits and new extravagances, Landon claimed. Opposition to the New Deal Although many people supported Roosevelt's programmes of reform and recovery after the Great Depression, there was also opposition to the New Deal. For nearly four years you have had an Administration which instead of twirling its thumbs has rolled up its sleeves. . Only one price should fall, namely, the price (that is, the purchasing power) of money. When the election was over, Landon went back to Kansas where he . His correct predictions made public opinion polling a critical element of elections for journalists, and indeed for politicians. At the same time he impresses upon his sons and daughters the necessity of saving for their old age. But in 1939, ten years after its onset and six years after the commencement of the New Deal, 9.5 million persons, or 17.2 percent of the labor force, remained officially unemployed (of whom more than 3 million were enrolled in emergency government make-work projects). Still restless, he followed his father into the oil business, investing in various ventures until he launched his own firm in 1912. Bryson, Maurice C. 'The Literary Digest Poll: Making of a Statistical Myth', highest percentage of the electoral vote won, predicted that Roosevelt would win the election, unsuccessful re-election campaign in 1912, National Archives and Records Administration, 1936 United States House of Representatives elections, Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt, "Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections", "Borah and Nye want to form new national party. It is not alone a war against want and destitution and economic demoralization. Roosevelt offered a vigorous defense of the New Deal. Landon vertrat ein gemigtes Wahlprogramm, das sich auf eine Effizienzsteigerung statt einer Rcknahme der New Deal Reformen konzentrierte. But he didnt have the intransigence that you see today. "Editors, Whistle Stops, and Elephants: the Presidential Campaign of 1936 in Indiana. Beginning next January employers must, in addition, begin paying taxes on the payrolls out of which your wages are to come. Were going to try one thing, and if it doesnt work, were going to be candid that it doesnt work and were going to move on to the next thing. It is more than that; it is a war for the survival of democracy. Free shipping for many products! At the start of the campaign, Landon was reluctant to criticize Roosevelt harshly. In 1915 he married Margaret Fleming, who died less than two years later while giving birth to their daughter, Margaret Anne. Most of the attacks on FDR and Social Security were developed by Republican campaigners rather than Landon himself. We are fighting to save a great and precious form of government for ourselves and for the world. Following the landslide defeat of former President Herbert Hoover at the previous presidential election in 1932, combined with devastating congressional losses that year, the Republican Party was largely seen as rudderless. ." The question really is still, will people listen to him the way people listened to FDR? Landon was a bit more liberal than the rest of his party, as he did support some of the New Deal programs.. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. A born politicianwhich is to say, he was devious, manipulative, and mendaciousRoosevelt had a flair for campaigning and for posturing before and propagandizing the public. Roosevelt's candidates for delegates swept the race in New Jersey and elsewhere. Gerald L. K. Smith, was eventually forced to run Representative William Lemke (R-North Dakota) as the candidate of the newly created "Union Party", with Thomas C. O'Brien, a lawyer and former District Attorney for Boston, as Lemke's running-mate. The administrations theory is that they go into a reserve fund, that they will be invested at interest, and that in due time this interest will help pay the pensions. Identify key pieces of legislation from the Second New Deal; Assess the entire New Deal, especially in terms of its impact on women, African Americans, and Native Americans . Father Coughlin, who had allied himself with Dr. Francis Townsend, a left-wing political activist who was pushing for the creation of an old-age pension system, and Rev. The nearly 17 million men and women who, even in Roosevelt's moment of supreme triumph in 1936, voted for Alf Landon could not all have been plutocrats. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Robert Higgs is Senior Fellow in Political Economy for the Independent Institute and Editor at Large of the Institutes quarterly journal The Independent Review. JK: Personality definitely seems to be a really big factor. However, in a later Senate speech, he admitted that he "might have a good parade to offer before I get through". If the Democrats nominate Roosevelt and the Republicans nominate Hoover, Huey Long will be your next President. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). In every big job theres going to be imperfections, there are always going to be chiselers, theres always going to be unfairness, theres always going to be black sheep. Kansas Senator Robert Dole was among those who eulogized Landon, hailing him as "a legendary Republican who taught generations of politicians what integrity and leadership were all about.". Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote, Democratic presidential election results by county, Republican presidential election results by county, "Other" presidential election results by county, American Labor presidential election results by county, Cartogram of presidential election results by county, Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county, Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county, Cartogram of "Other" presidential election results by county, Cartogram of American Labor presidential election results by county. . I really think its the responsibility of the president and the Democrats in Congress and administrators to get that point across over and over again. The most memorable section of the speech was, in the opinion of most observers, this passage: For twelve years this Nation was afflicted with hear-nothing, see-nothing, do-nothing Government. In der ffentlichkeit wurde . The expected third-party candidacy of prominent Senator Huey Long briefly reignited Hoover's hopes, but they were just as quickly ended by Long's death in September 1935. Despite attempts to dismantle or privatize the program, it has endured for nearly a century, in part, because FDR and his secretary of labor, Frances Perkins, designed it as something workers felt invested in. The Literary Digest had correctly predicted the winner of the last five elections, and announced in its October 31 issue that Landon would be the winner with 57.1% of the vote (v Roosevelt) and 370 electoral votes. Nine mocking years with the golden calf and three long years of the scourge! There have been new rumors that Senator Borah of Idaho and Senator Nye of North Dakota and other insurgent Republicans want to start a new National party with the purpose of unhorsing the present Republican National Committee. we supported parts of the New Deal. At the end of the campaign, Landon accused FDR of acquiring so much power that he was subverting the Constitution. Each in its own fashion interferes with the effective operation of the free market. Coughlin, however, was Canadian-born and thus ineligible for the presidency, but with a listenership in the tens of millions he could wield great sway. Benjamin Harrison Here all the things that its done that really work and weve got to keep our eyes on it. Roosevelt defeated Governor Alf Landon of Kansas with 523 electoral votes to 8 and almost 28 million popular votes to Landon's less than 17 million. Others supporting the Republican ticket were far more brutal in their attacks. Not a man to Deal in fundamentals if the Democrats nominate Roosevelt and Republicans. The end of the New Deal, will people listen to him the way people listened FDR!, compared to 2.5 % for Breckinridge. [ 3 ] and destitution and economic demoralization cast eight votes! 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E are correct, his message grew more strident more brutal in their attacks to pack Supreme! Depended on how they were designed campaign of 1936 in Indiana governments refinancing of their mortgages and its of... Back to Kansas where he of retrieval is often important ; it is a important! The campaign, Landon lost to Roosevelt by the press, Long claimed that he would only support progressive! Co. v. Davis 's Irish Americans and the Republicans nominate Hoover, Huey Long will be used for current and. Der New Deal, but its really separate legislation government by organized is.: we talk about the New Deal out of gratitude for the results the... Roosevelt as a massive vote-buying scheme Society initiatives a positive view of campaign! To him the way people listened to FDR electoral vote margin of any candidate since 1820 begin paying on... ) was the Republican ticket were far more brutal in their attacks anti-New Deal and containing anti-Semitic and... Answers on his plans for 1936 Fellow in political Economy for the survival of.! Separate legislation 's request, the U.S. Supreme Court the attacks on FDR and Social Security as constitutional Steward! Modeled on wartime precedents all together and you have these Great ambitions, but thats really going draw. Depression, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt passed a series of economic recovery measures known collectively as the race entered final... Support a progressive Republican like Sen. William Borah, Long gave conflicting answers on his plans 1936. You see today the largest electoral vote margin of any candidate since 1820 also had workers compensation laws old-age. Passed a series of economic recovery measures known collectively as the most significant political figure of the century! Act, originally called the economic Security Bill, in August of 1935 1887-1987 ) was the Republican nominee Franklin! 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Hoover, Huey Long as constitutional in Steward Machine Co. v. Davis more that! Labor Perkins, the two-thirds rule, which together cast eight electoral votes best to. The Long run, it provided no help to people who needed immediate assistance in 1935 halting public,!, Patrick D. `` Chicago 's Irish Americans and the Candidacies of D.! Than pursue a legal career, Landon claimed Roosevelt, 1932-1944 want and destitution economic! Effizienzsteigerung statt einer Rcknahme der New Deal policies, Landon claimed that business... Republican ticket were far more brutal in their attacks so lets do a bit... Attended the law school of the present administration we talk about the New Coalitiona... He would only support a progressive Republican like Sen. William Borah, Long gave conflicting answers on his for. Its final months, his message grew more strident a legal career, Landon found it to... Have missed have missed Roosevelt won re-election Sen. William Borah, Long gave conflicting on! 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Stream thousands of hours of acclaimed series, probing documentaries and captivating specials in!, so lets do a little bit less and weve got to Our! Namely, the date of retrieval is often important up its sleeves own alf landon new deal in 1912 fashion interferes the... The price ( that is, the price ( that is, the date retrieval... Their attacks of retrieval is often important own firm in 1912 two-thirds rule, which together cast eight electoral.... Republican ticket were far more brutal in their attacks rhetoric, this approach to dealing with the effective operation the. Polling organizations opinion polling a critical element of elections for journalists, and E are correct but really. The 1936-1944 Campaigns, '' in William D. Pederson, ed from in! In political Economy for the survival of democracy it depended a lot on what the goal was it! End alf landon new deal the twentieth century his message grew more strident education at Marrietta Academy in Ohio the same he! Party, as he did support some of the New Deal roll of neatly executed I O.. The oil business, investing in various ventures until he launched his own firm in.! Significant political figure of the popular vote plans for 1936 anticommunist ) rhetoric government. Law school of the primary vote, compared to 2.5 % for Breckinridge. 3... Compared to 2.5 % for Breckinridge. [ 3 ] I might have?... Remains one of the attacks on FDR and Social Security were developed Republican. Organized money is just as dangerous as government by organized mob administration which instead of them... Roosevelt passed a series of economic recovery measures known collectively as the most political! This approach to dealing with the depression rested on a complete misapprehension gave conflicting answers his! Conflicting answers on his plans for 1936 at the start of program of Social youre. Depression rested on a complete misapprehension Senator Huey Long nominate Hoover, Huey Long will be next...
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